Assumptions
Underlying assumptions (p. 87)
*Identify the underlying assumption. Remember that an assumption is not necessarily incorrect or unreasonable.
6.2: House prices rose quickly in the 1980s in many countries. There was a big slump in the 1990s and lots of house-buyers lost money. House prices are now rising very quickly again. House-buyers can expect to lose a lot of money.
Answer: the last sentence is assuming that people will lose money, it may be correct or not.
Implicit assumptions used as reasons (p. 90)
*Read the following passages, in each case, identify:
1- conclusion
2- the implicit assumptions used as reasons to support the conclusion.
6.9:
1- It would be better if we returned to traditional methods, using leaves and roots of plants rather than mass-produced pharmaceuticals.
2- * People used plants as a method of curing illnesses for centuries before the advent of modern medicines.
* the same plants are often used by the pharmaceutical industry as the basis for the medicines we use even today.
* medicines are now expensive to produce and purchase.
Answer: the assumptions are supporting the importance of using plants in medicine.
False premises (p. 92)
For each of the following passages, make a judgment about whether the argument is likely to be based on sound or false premises. Give reasons for your answer.
five percent of people got married last year, and five percent the year before. This means that ten percent of people get married every two years. Therefore, in twenty years time, everybody will be married.
Answer: the first sentence is a valid argument, but the second sentence is a false premise and this assumption makes the conclusion wrong.
Implicit arguments (p. 94)
Most people in this country want the death penalty. This country is a democracy. In a democracy, what most people want should count. This country does not have the death penalty.
Answer: I can infer that democracy is not important to make the decision about if the will have the death penalty or not. that is the implicit argument.
Stereotypes (p. 97)
1: A clear stereotype that the pink color is for women.
2: Stereotype in where a woman cannot be a pilot, just a stewardess
3: Stereotype about the typical food of the British people
4: The red hair sometimes can be associated with angry.
5: Stereotype about music from different countries.
6: Football fans are always associated with problems.
7: Stereotypes about students, their parent always wash their clothes.
8: Stereotypes about old people, they don´t like technology or fashion.
Assuming causal links (p. 106)
False analogies (p. 113)
*Identify the underlying assumption. Remember that an assumption is not necessarily incorrect or unreasonable.
6.2: House prices rose quickly in the 1980s in many countries. There was a big slump in the 1990s and lots of house-buyers lost money. House prices are now rising very quickly again. House-buyers can expect to lose a lot of money.
Answer: the last sentence is assuming that people will lose money, it may be correct or not.
Implicit assumptions used as reasons (p. 90)
*Read the following passages, in each case, identify:
1- conclusion
2- the implicit assumptions used as reasons to support the conclusion.
6.9:
1- It would be better if we returned to traditional methods, using leaves and roots of plants rather than mass-produced pharmaceuticals.
2- * People used plants as a method of curing illnesses for centuries before the advent of modern medicines.
* the same plants are often used by the pharmaceutical industry as the basis for the medicines we use even today.
* medicines are now expensive to produce and purchase.
Answer: the assumptions are supporting the importance of using plants in medicine.
False premises (p. 92)
For each of the following passages, make a judgment about whether the argument is likely to be based on sound or false premises. Give reasons for your answer.
five percent of people got married last year, and five percent the year before. This means that ten percent of people get married every two years. Therefore, in twenty years time, everybody will be married.
Answer: the first sentence is a valid argument, but the second sentence is a false premise and this assumption makes the conclusion wrong.
Implicit arguments (p. 94)
Most people in this country want the death penalty. This country is a democracy. In a democracy, what most people want should count. This country does not have the death penalty.
Answer: I can infer that democracy is not important to make the decision about if the will have the death penalty or not. that is the implicit argument.
Stereotypes (p. 97)
1: A clear stereotype that the pink color is for women.
2: Stereotype in where a woman cannot be a pilot, just a stewardess
3: Stereotype about the typical food of the British people
4: The red hair sometimes can be associated with angry.
5: Stereotype about music from different countries.
6: Football fans are always associated with problems.
7: Stereotypes about students, their parent always wash their clothes.
8: Stereotypes about old people, they don´t like technology or fashion.
Assuming causal links (p. 106)
There is possible evidence of the killer of the man, but still is necessary more evidence to assume he was killed, maybe the man broke the lock on the door, enter to the house and then he killed himself.
For each passages bellow identify:
What the analogy is: which things are being compared
whether the comparison is valid.
There is a comparison between the premises of an argument and the foundations of a building, and the reason why is similar is valid.
Hey there!
ResponderEliminarIt's me again but this time I'm uncomfortable with one specific aspect that you took into account in the stereotype section, so scroll up a little bit and check the stereotype #2 where you wrote that women couldn't be pilots but just stewardesses. Well, I did a little bit of research (I wanted to put an screen shot in here and put the most significant information about it but I couldn't find the way to do it. However, I'll paste the link in here later) and I found that "At the moment just 5% of airline pilots are women, according to the International Society of Women Airline Pilots (ISWAP)". Whatever has to do with gender equality touches my feelings (all my feelings). It is pretty sad to look at the numbers and the data collected and just find that little amount of pilots are women but here are the reasons why...
~ Why then are so few women choosing to work in aviation? Munns believes the problem lies in primary education. “It’s been quite an eye opener, seeing my children go through the [education] system,” she says. Surveys have shown that only 56 per cent of girls enjoy taking part in sports lessons compared to 71 per cent of boys. “Sport education is especially important in establishing an equal playing field,” according to Munns. “Actually, that’s where it all [gender bias] begins.”
~ "On leaving school it [becoming a pilot] wasn't really an option for me, there was very little information, and the perception was that women didn't fly aircraft," she says.
HOWEVER!! The good news are coming and read this...
Air France is one of few airlines that pays for the training of new pilots. The company is also putting money into finding more female pilots through a scholarship scheme. It is now helping 10 women a year fund the training, which normally costs in the region of £100,000, and can take up to 24 months.
~ EasyJet, which is one of Europe's biggest airlines, is also actively trying to recruit more women as pilots.
David Morgan, its director of flight operations, is in charge of pilot recruitment. He says there is currently "an acute shortage of females coming into the industry".
To do its bit to rectify this, EasyJet is now aiming for 20% of its new pilots to be female by next year. Currently only 5.4%, or 215 of its total 4,000 pilots, are women.
Another carrier that is working hard to get more female pilots is Virgin Australia. It has set itself one of the toughest targets for new recruits - aiming to have a 50:50 gender balance for its cadet pilots.
Lucinda Gemmell, head of human resources at Virgin Australia, says that out of its latest intake of 16 pilot cadets, nine are women.
The airline says it is proud to have improved on two women out of 10 in its previous class, and Ms Gemmell adds that Virgin Australia wants "to ensure that our workforce is representative of the communities in which we live, work and fly". At the last count only 5.7% of its pilots are women.
Below you might find the links so that you can learn more about it
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/why-are-there-so-few-female-pilots--/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/why-are-there-so-few-female-pilots--/
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46876007
My dear, I really appreciate your comment. In regard to your publication, I must clarify that it is not my viewpoint, It was just the example of a common stereotype. Moreover, I have to say that you are right, I am also in agreement with your viewpoint. I think women have the same potential as us, and maybe more, all of you are able to do things that we cannot, as it is in the evidence that you have shared with me.
ResponderEliminar